Review of Literature on Six Sigma in the in Service Sector

Review of Literature on Six Sigma in the in Service sector Mr. Ashokanand Dr. S. Balasubramanian Research Scholar Research Supervisor Anna University Coimbatore Anna University Coimbatore Coimbatore Coimbatore Abstract In the software industry, Hong and Goh [1] address some common misconceptions on the potential of Six Sigma in software, as well as some actual practical challenges. A framework is suggested both for top managers and practitioners and for managers interested in exploiting the benefits of statistical analysis in general, and the Six Sigma statistical process in particular. Six Sigma†¦show more content†¦The company has demonstrated that Six Sigma could lead to higher quality output, increased productivity, and energised employees. Today, records available in the public domain indicate that more than 30,000 employees have been trained in Six Sigma, with plans to complete GreenBelt training for all salaried employees. Globally, over 11,000 projects have closed and more than 12,000 projects are currently underway. Apart from implementing Six Sigma within the organization, 3M has demonstrated the need to assist their customers in developing creative solutions for their business and manufacturing challenges. Hundreds of 3M industrial business-customer Six Sigma projects have been accomplished. Here, three examples are given of a major automotive manufacturer, a well-known food producer, and a leading manufacturer who had quality problems. The automotive manufacturer had a significant challenge with its largest-selling vehicles. 3M assisted in using Six Sigma to provide a cost effective solution in a short time frame. The well-known food producer needed to keep track of the product that its makes and ships. In the event of a product recall, it needed to locate every food item shipped, right down to the hour it left the production line. 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OverRead MoreEnhancing Product Flow Using Theory Of Constraints And Lean Essay5012 Words   |  21 Pagesbe enhanced using various methodologies like Theory of constraints and Lean manufacturing. It also talks about the overlapping of Toc and Lean With agile manufacturing and the integration of Toc, Lean and Six sigma in the conclusion. Keywords: Theory of constraints, Lean, Agile, Six Sigma INTRODUCTION The world is growing leaps and bounds when it comes to business compared to the previous years and it continues to see this growth in the future years. Globalisation has played a major role

Effects of Technological Advancements on Health - 976 Words

Technology: Effects of Technological Advancements on Health â€Å"Estimated 7–10 billion medical tests are performed each year. Test results play a critical role in health assessment, influencing the majority of medical decisions.† (Hyattsville 2) Ever since the 1800s, scientists have been able to look and study different diseases to find ways to cure people. Scientists create new technological advancements to fight these diseases. Ever since then the race to create technological advancements started more and more technological advancements are created. These technological advancements have a great impact on our health and have many causes and effects. To what effect do technological advancements affect our health? History Throughout history, technology has changed the way we survive. As technological advancements progress more diseases can be treated and eradicated. One company found that technological progress increases, not decreases. 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Mcgregors Theories X and Y Free Essays

Compare McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y style of leadership and consider the types of organizations in which each style of leadership might be most appropriate. Douglas McGregor devised his concept of Theory X and Theory Y in the USA in the 1950’s using a survey of managers, which he then proposed in his book, ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’ in the 1960’s. Theory X states that a manager distrusts his subordinates, believes they don’t enjoy work and therefore must be controlled. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcgregors Theories X and Y or any similar topic only for you Order Now Theory Y, on the other hand, speculates that a manager believes their employees enjoy work and wish to contribute, the manager is therefore more likely to include them in the decision making process and employ a more democratic style of leadership (Marcousse 2003). The two theories are not opposite ends of one spectrum, but rather two separate lines of continuum that describes the attitude and perception a manager has of their employees. The type of motivation that the employees receive from their manager is down to their management style. These Theories match up with Maslow’s ‘Hierarchy of Needs’. McGregor makes the point that the way in which a manager runs and controls his team has massive impacts on the happiness in employees, relating to esteem and self actualisation. These are two factors of motivation mentioned by Maslow in his theory. In comparing these two theories, X and Y, we must take into account different factors that may affect the two ideas and how they may do so in different scenarios or places of work. The general idea is that Theory Y is the path of the â€Å"enlightened manager† (Chapman 1995) who runs a democratic form of leadership, and that it receives better results than theory X, whose manager employs more of an autocratic dictatorship. However this cannot always be believed. In different cases a manager may do better in his work to tell employees the best and most effective way to complete a task, knowing through experience. FW Taylor (1856-1917) believed in efficiency and complete control of a task provided to the manager. This idea related to such methods as the assembly line, a process broken down into simple tasks and completed individually by a group of workers along a line. Employed by such companies as Ford in the early 1900’s, in producing cars, this method gave great results, however keeping workers motivated was difficult, part of Taylor’s method was to â€Å"devise a pay scheme to reward those who complete or beat tough output targets, but penalize those who cannot, or will not, achieve the productivity Taylor believed was possible. (pg 218) For the manager, Theory X is a self – fulfilling method, the workers are likely to develop a lack in interest in their work and do it solely for the wage (Marcousse 2003). There are two scenarios in which Theory X can escape a degree of criticism for producing a lack of motivation from its workers(Marcousse 2003). The part time worker has partially already given in to the idea that they will not be receiving much independence and del egation of responsibility. This is due to the amount of time they have committed to their work. For example, a part time security guard might be asked to stand guard on a gate for an hour every morning to let personnel through, however once they have completed this task they are unlikely to achieve much more than changing the channel on their TV. The job simply requires a pair of eyes at one point in the morning, and the rest of the time they are simply on call. There is no enjoyment or form of learning with this job; the part time worker is simply there to take home some money at the end of the month, satisfying his basic needs for financial security, a mutual understanding between employer and employee. A large majority of the time there is little for the security guard to watch over. When something does arise that requires more attention, someone of higher authority is only a phone call away. In this, theory X is the logical management style, as to use theory Y would mean a greater chance of mistakes being made by someone who doesn’t have the same experience and qualifications as the elected official. The other scenario is in a moment of chaos (Marcousse 2003). At this point, due to the limited time scale in such moments, someone needs to take full control and make quick decisive decisions. Such a case is easily understood when put into the confines of an army unit under fire. Someone must give direct orders to keep the enemy under pressure and move their men to safety, or face either death or capture. Theory Y would consume too much time to listen to all possible ideas and make a decision, with young men who have been trained to take orders rather than come up with them. Efficiency is the key in this scenario, Taylor would be completely right in giving total control to a senior soldier to try and ensure the safety of his soldiers. Encouraging an employee to work for a great amount of time during the week or without the threat of danger How to cite Mcgregors Theories X and Y, Essay examples

Case Management free essay sample

While the case manager is responsible for the process of treatment, the ultimate outcome lies with the client. Case management was developed in the late 1960’s early 1970’s by mental health and social service workers to provide services to the criminal justice population (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999). The primary purpose of case management is to enable juveniles to use their natural strengths and resources to achieve their goals. Since family is a fundamental element of a young persons support system, they are also included in the treatment process. Family members need just as much help as the juveniles most times. However, there are other key factors in the process of reducing juvenile delinquency. Such as, juvenile courts, schools, police, and community- based programs. Case management is defined as ways to utilize resources geared toward meeting the needs of its clients. Case management is multi-faceted. The process of treatment includes: accessing client needs, finding services, developing a plan of care, monitoring client progress, modifying the treatment plan as needed, and being there with them through every step of the way(Wraparound, N/A). The main objective is to improve the functioning of the juvenile by providing quality services in an efficient manner; the goals are to guide the juvenile and their family through the course of service providers (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999). By empowering juveniles to use their strengths and resources, the system hopes to reduce recidivism and relapse (Roberts, 2004). The three models of case management are: strength-based, assertive, and mixed model. Each model has its own approach in how is used. The first model discussed is strength-based which was introduced in the 1980s. Typically, this model begins with an assessment of the individuals strengths that can be used to face the problems they are facing. This model is passive and is based on the premise that the client will recognize their own strengths and build on them through treatments and service plans (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999). Even when they are opposed to help they possess a psychological self wisdom that can cause them to discover for themselves their inner strengths. This will help to make significant improvements in facing lifes challenges. The second model discussed of case management is the assertive model. This approach is more aggressive. When this model of care is used, the majority of services are provided outside of an office setting and they will even go as far as finding them at their homes or in neighborhoods (Roberts, 2004). As a result, an emphasis is placed on outreach and relationship building through the communities. The third model is the mixed model which is a combination of the other two models. This approach is for the case manager to take on a therapeutic role. This model is the most common of the three models because it allows the case manager to better deal with the individual personalities and needs of their clients. Each juvenile is different and requires different service that others may not require. Case management does not just require education and counseling. There are six basic elements that will support a successful juvenile justice case management: Case assessment and classification, Case planning, Performance of services, Monitoring and enforcement of supervision and treatment, Recordkeeping, and case closure. These elements are exactly how they sound. It is a process that has different steps to achieve the highest success goals. The first part case assessment and classification is trying to figure out the youth’s position based on his needs to find the right resources to help the individual overcome. The second element is case planning. This part is when the individual’s needs are planned out based on the situation he/she was in and figuring out the fix it plan. The third part is performance of services. This entails which plan will be best based on the youths needs. I say this because each case may be similar but will require different training to help the individual succeed. The fourth part of the process is Monitoring and enforcement of supervision and treatment. I see this as being the trial and error. The individual is watched starting day zero and is continued to look at while participating. This will help to see if the individual is changing for the good or is there another approach that might help them succeed more. The fifth part is recordkeeping. This is where everything the individual goes through is documented to see where the individuals is improving throughout the process and where they might not be improving. The last part is case closure. This part either is where a celebration is made for the individual or where they say the individual might need more assistance to help him/her get to the celebration phase (Roberts, 2004). All parties involved with a certain case need to work together weather they work in the same place or not. The individual’s outcome is not only is their hands, but it is also in the hands of the case manager. The process needs to be captured before, during, and after. This will help the case manager with every step of the process to rehabilitate the individuals where they do not relapse. To stop a problem before it starts or so a juvenile does not go down the wrong track again. Intensive monitoring is a must for clients with substance abuse problems. and may consist of frequent drug or alcohol testing (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999) . Over time, more responsibility for avoiding relapse should be given to the client, therefore, less monitoring may be required. The process of evaluation ensures that the plan for the individuals is being followed. Reports from service providers and family members as well as program attendance and recidivism are factors that can be used to determine the success of treatment. There are other factors that can also be used to determine the success of the care plan. The quality of service delivery is a main part to have success. Knowing someone is there for them can mean the world to some of the individuals. It wasnt until the early 1900s that there was an issue with juveniles and mental health cases. This led to the creation of the Child Guidance Movement. From this movement came the creation of clinics which collaborated with the juvenile courts to provide much needed help to both troubled juveniles and their families (Roberts, 2004. Although there seems to be a lack of trained mental health professionals in the juvenile justice system, there are a number of screening tools that can be useful even for untrained staff. The Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument and the Brief Symptom Inventory (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999) are tools used to measure distress and psychological symptoms of youth entering the system. Parents, teachers, juvenile courts and other service providers are a valuable source of background information regarding problems or symptoms the juvenile may be experiencing. Because of the valuable information each source can provide, they are an important part of the treatment team. Various studies have led to some clear cut methods of reducing delinquency and alleviating the symptoms of mental illness among juveniles. Among these methods are the effective treatment approaches. These approaches are best when used with at- risk juveniles who have yet to become involved with the juvenile justice system. They also need to take place at more than one level and address all of the risk factors. The contraindicated treatment approaches include adult facilities, boot camps and incarceration (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999). According to some research, these methods may actually make matters worse for the juvenile and their families (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999). It has been found that incarcerating juvenile in adult facilities only serves to turn them into smarter criminals. Likewise, boot camps not only lack adequate treatment opportunities, they can also become a source of stress and prevent progress. The fight to reduce juvenile delinquency has, over time, involved numerous community-based strategies. One of the most widely recognized of these programs is the Chicago Area Project. Established in 1929, the aim of this program is the prevention of juvenile delinquency by improving life within the community. In order to facilitate these changes, the program recognizes that each community has resources to solve its own problems. Community organizing, direct services and advocacy are used to empower communities and their natural leaders to work together to improve life within the neighborhood. By using neighborhood centers, recreational facilities, or educational centers, the project is working to empower formerly impoverished neighborhoods to develop leaders within the community, assess needs and develop plans to meet these needs, improve the educational and vocational skills of local youth, demonstrate financial independence, and create a network of agencies to meet the needs of the community (About Chicago Area Project) . Currently, the project is using a number of programs to fight delinquency in what can be considered delinquent neigborhoods. Founded in 1961, the New York City Mobilization for Youth has become the model for several federally funded youth programs (Roberts, Mobilization for Youth, 2004) . While geared toward low income minority groups living in slum neighborhoods, this project continues to serve a diverse population of New York residents. Like the Chicago Area Project, it is a collection of action programs with an emphasis on improving areas of life such as community organization, education, employment, and group service. Yet another delinquency prevention project was Bostons Midcity Project. Created in the 1950s, this project served the lower-class neighborhoods of Boston (Roberts, Bostons Midcity Project (1954-1957), 2004) . This project adopted a total community approach and was aimed at improving three specific areas of life: the family, the gang, and the community. An emphasis was put on working with gangs. The Midcity project was unique among the other juvenile projects in that it used professional social workers, each worker was assigned to one particular group and worked with that group for an extended period of time. Workers also had regular access to psychiatric professionals. Bostons Midcity Project an evaluation of the program showed results that do not set standards. In fact only one area showed any improvement-school oriented behavior. Other areas such as major offenses among young males showed the largest increase. Because it did not deliver the desired results, the project ended in 1957 (Case Management in the Criminal Justice System, 1999) (Roberts, 2004). To close an Army Physical Training formation there are three easy steps. Attention, Assemble to the right, march, and fall out. I continue to compare the army with case management. At the end of the road with a case it should be smooth from dealing with all the previous steps beforehand. With the right commands and the correct heart these individuals can lead a successful life to become great mothers, fathers, sisters, brothers, and overall good people. Remember, time is not of the essence when dealing with case management. It is a step by step process that when ran correctly has good endings.